The urgent need to combat climate change has placed food waste at the forefront of discussions. Scientists and policymakers are increasingly recognizing that addressing food waste is one of the most practical steps humanity can take to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the short and medium term. At the heart of this issue lies a lack of empirical research, which is crucial for crafting effective policies. For instance, there remains no definitive scientific evidence on how expiration-date labels influence consumer behavior and subsequent waste. Despite legislative actions like California's AB 660, which aims to clarify these labels, their real-world impact remains unproven. This gap highlights the necessity for rigorous investigation into what truly works.

Two primary strategies have emerged as potential solutions to curb food waste: landfill bans and dynamic pricing. Landfill bans represent a regulatory approach where governments impose penalties on retailers disposing of food waste in landfills. However, studies reveal significant challenges with this method. Penalties often fail to sufficiently alter retailer behavior due to inadequate enforcement or insufficiently punitive measures. Evidence from the first five U.S. states implementing such bans shows mixed results, with Massachusetts standing out as the sole success story. Factors contributing to its effectiveness include clear regulation, strong enforcement, and an advanced composting infrastructure. In contrast, dynamic pricing offers a market-driven alternative by employing algorithms to adjust prices based on inventory levels and product expiration dates. This system incentivizes consumers to purchase perishables nearing their expiry, thereby reducing waste and making healthier options more affordable.

Exploring innovative solutions to food waste not only addresses environmental concerns but also fosters economic efficiency and social equity. By adopting scientifically validated methods, society can move toward sustainable practices that benefit everyone. Understanding the nuances of policy implementation and leveraging technology can lead to transformative changes. It underscores the importance of collaboration between researchers, policymakers, and industry leaders to create meaningful impact. Together, we can pave the way for a future where wasted resources are minimized, and global sustainability goals are achieved.