Since February 2022, over 138.72 million birds have been affected by Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) across all 50 states. After a significant slowdown in 2024, cases have surged since November, with 124 new instances reported in 32 states within the past month. This resurgence has raised concerns among poultry producers and health officials alike. The USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) is working closely with state authorities to manage outbreaks, while emphasizing the importance of biosecurity measures. Additionally, there are rising worries about potential human infections, although the CDC maintains that the general public risk remains low.

Enhanced Biosecurity Measures for Poultry Producers

The recent surge in HPAI cases has prompted urgent calls for enhanced biosecurity protocols among poultry producers. APHIS advises all stakeholders, from backyard enthusiasts to large-scale commercial operations, to review and strengthen their biosecurity practices. State officials are implementing quarantine measures on affected premises, ensuring that infected birds do not enter the food system. Producers can utilize various tools provided by the USDA to bolster biosecurity efforts, including resources for identifying clinical signs of avian influenza.

Signs of avian influenza include sudden bird deaths, lethargy, decreased egg production, and abnormal eggs. Other symptoms may manifest as swelling or discoloration around the head, nasal discharge, respiratory issues, and diarrhea. Farmers are encouraged to promptly report any suspected cases and preserve deceased birds for testing. By maintaining stringent biosecurity practices, producers can significantly reduce the risk of disease spread and protect their flocks. APHIS continues to collaborate with state animal health officials to ensure effective incident responses and containment strategies.

Human Health Implications and Public Awareness

While the primary focus remains on controlling the outbreak among bird populations, there is growing concern about the potential for human infections. Since the outbreak began, several human cases have been reported, including a fatality in Louisiana in early 2025. Pathologists express worry about the virus's ability to mutate and spread rapidly among humans. However, the CDC reassures the public that the overall risk remains low, emphasizing the importance of ongoing surveillance and preventive measures.

The CDC stresses the need for genomic surveillance in both animals and humans to monitor genetic changes in the virus. Containment efforts include strict quarantine protocols for infected premises and preventing infected birds from entering the food supply. Public health officials recommend that individuals exposed to infected animals take necessary precautions, such as wearing protective gear and practicing good hygiene. Despite the first reported human death, the CDC maintains its stance that the general public risk associated with HPAI remains minimal. Continued vigilance and adherence to preventive measures are crucial in mitigating the potential spread of the virus.